Bonsoir, Is covid-19 making the workplace more unfair for women?The Economist, a British international weekly newspaper, November 2020.It's the law that men and women should be paid the same for doing the same, or similar, jobs. It began with the Equal Pay Act of 1970 and was confirmed in the Equality Act of 2010. However, in 2020 the gender pay gap still exists women are being paid an average of 15% less than men and research suggests that the covid-19 pandemic might make it worse.The gap had been narrowing¹. But during lockdown, many families reverted back to the traditional set-up of mothers doing more childcare than fathers. Research shows that the gap between the amount of time men and women spent on childcare grew with mothers doing around one-and-a-half hours a day more than fathers.Experts believe that we are at a "coronavirus crossroads": unless more is done to support working mothers, the gender pay gap could widen² too. The Fawcett Society, a gender equality charity, says that the pandemic could have a "devastating" impact on equality in the workplace.In October, a MP for the Labour Party, Stella Creasy, led the call for change by presenting a new bil * l ^ 3 to parliament. If it is passed, businesses with over 100 employees will have to publish information about how they pay men and women. This would stop businesses from keeping their gender pay gap a secret and may prompt them to fix it if they have one."While women first started asking about equal pay in 1883, they still don't have it. We have started the conversation and now we need action," Ms Creasy said. "It is better for everyone in society when we go to work with a fair wage."The Equal Pay Implementation and Claims Bill will be discussed in Parliament on January 15th, 2021.Instructions : Après avoir lu attentivement le document, vous en ferez un compte-rendu du texte en français en 200 mots (plus/minus 10%) Vous n'oublierez pas d'indiquer la source du document et son sujet principal dans l'introduction de votre compte-rendu.​
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Bonsoir,State of play: Toymakers bounce back in the land of adult nappiesThey have become pioneers in how to adapt to a rapidly ageing societyWILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, an American educator who travelled to Japan in the 1870s, noted that in the previous two and a half centuries, "the main business of this nation was play." He described toyshops filled as full as Christmas stockings and plenty of grown-ups.Griffis would have found it familiar walking today around Hakuhinkan Toy Park, one of the largest toy stores in Tokyo. Teens, office workers and grandparents are mostly to be seen perusing its 200,000-odd knick-knacks across five floors. Its director, Hiroyuki Itoh, says he wants the store to be a place where everyone can play. After work, suited salarymen come to spend ¥200 (under $2) for a five-minute whizz around a 36-metre slot-car racetrack. In another corner a group of university students fiddle with displays of toys from their childhoods.Playthings aimed at the over-20s make up 27% of Japan's domestic toy sales, according to figures from Euromonitor, a market-research firm. That grown-up portion of the market has been crucial for Japan's three biggest players, Bandai Namco, Takara Tomy and Sanrio, as the country's birth rate has slumped. Since the 1970s the proportion of under-15s has halved, to 12% of the population. By 2060 it is likely to be 9%.Fumiaki Ibuki of Toy Journal, a 114-year-old trade magazine, says Japanese toy companies are pioneers in adapting to ageing. Despite a slow economy, the sector has, in the past two years, done its best in a decade: in the fiscal year ending in 2015, sales in core categories (excluding video games) rose by a tenth on the previous year, to over ¥800bn. Mr Ibuki says toymakers are taking a "borderless" approach: selling to a wider age range, and teaming up with trend-driven sectors like tech and fashion.When Bandai's Tamagotchi, virtual pets housed in an egg-shaped toy, were booming in the mid-1990s, women in their 20s and 30s were big buyers. The same age-group snapped up Licca-chan, Japan's answer to Barbie, made by Takara Tomy. The firm now has an adult range: its "Cappuccino One-Piece" doll, sells for ¥12,000.A stigma against adults having fun, strong in the aftermath of the second world war, has faded. Many want to recapture their youth, not so much by playing, but by collecting and displaying toys, says Harold Meij, the boss of Takara Tomy-so, for its premium Tomica model-car range, the company uses vintage designs that adults admired as boys. Having only one child later in life, as more Japanese now do, means that parents have more to spend on their offspring. Children are said to have "six pockets": two from their parents, and four from their grandparents.During the global financial crisis of 2008, cheap impulse-buy toys took off, such as trading cards and coin-operated machines that dispense capsules of small toys-usually of well- known characters from Japanese comic books and television series.The big themes in the toy industry are collectability and intellectual property (IP). A recent hit was a watch branded "Yo-kai", after the word in Japanese for supernatural spirits, by Bandai. It exemplifies a popular strategy: Yo-kai, whose hero wears the watch, began as acartoon series in 2013, was adapted for TV and made into a hit video game. The model is known as "media mix" in the industry. Bandai has partnered with Dentsu, an advertising giant, to promote anime, a word defining Japanese animation. But when the story of a character catches on, toy- and film-makers end up splitting fat profits. It all makes for a sizzling recipe.Adapted from The Economist, Feb. 23, 2017.DM: Rédiger le compte-rendu du texte sur les jouets au Japon en français avec tous les éléments du texte.​
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